COMMUNALISM

From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century

(Complete book by Kenneth Rexroth)

Introduction — The Libertarian Tradition ix
1. The Neolithic Village 1
2. Essenes, Therapeutae, Qumran 11
3. The Early Church, Monasticism 25
4. Eckhart, Brethren of the Free Spirit 43
5. John Wyciffe, The English Peasants’ Rebellion 61
6. Huss, The Hussite Wars, Tabor 71
7. The Radical Reformation, Thomas Münzer 93
8. Münster 109
9. Anabaptists, Hutterites 121
10. Winstanley, The Diggers 133
11. The Near East and Russia 155
12. Early Communes in America 171
13. Amana, The Shakers, St. Nazianz 191
14. Oneida 209
15. Robert Owen 217
16. Josiah Warren 235
17. Brook Farm 241
18. Fourierism 249
19. Étienne Cabet 259
20. Hutterites Again 273
Epilogue — Post-Apocalyptic Communalism 289

Book Index

[NOTE: Rexroth’s Communalism is only selectively indexed in the Site Index.
The following more detailed index is copied from the book, with references to the original printed pages.
Check the Table of Contents above to see which chapters the topics can be found in.]

Abbasid Caliphate, 159
Adamites, 87, 98-90, 134
Agriculture
     class formation and systematic, 4-7
     Shakers and intensive, 204
Albigensian heresy, 36-37, 48, 63
Alchemists, spiritualism and, 52
Alexander III, Pope, 40
Alexander V, Pope, 74-75
Alexander VI, Pope, 83
Altamira cave paintings, 2
Amana (Community of True-Inspiration), 286, 296
     communalism of, 191-96
Ambrose, St., 31
Amish people, 41, 278-79, 285
Ammon, John, 127
Anabaptists, 31, 37, 56, 83, 172
     ancient roots of, 97
     baptism and, 98, 131
     Dutch, 121-24
     Hutter and, 124-26
     Luther and, 96
     Munster and, 111-20
     Polish, 130-32
     Russian, 168
Anarchism, 299-300
     types of, ix-x
     Warren and individual, 235, 240
Anglican Church, 95, 173
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 54
Assassins, 161-62
Augustine, St., 31, 36, 51, 99
     Eckhart’s doctrine and, 57
     mystics and, 53
     Reformation doctrine and, 95
Aurora community, 183-85
Aztec civilization, 9

Babeuf, François Noël, 185
Bacon, Francis, 91
Bakunin, Mikhail, 269, 293, 299
Ball, John, 67-69
Bandits
     loyalty among, 162, 164-65
     piratical communism and, 157-58
Baptism
     Anabaptists and, 98, 131
     importance of, 31
     rejection of, 37
Basil, St., 31-32
Bäumeler, Joseph, 183
Béghards, 35, 51, 172, 191
Béguines, 35, 48-49, 51, 55, 172, 191
Bellamy, Edward, 260
Bellers, John, 151-54
Benedict of Nursia, St., 31, 33, 194
Benedict XIII, Pope, 74
Benedictinism, 32-33, 35-36, 177
     monasteries of, 34
     power and wealth of, 45
Bernard of Clairvaux, St., 53-54
Bernstein, Édouard, 151, 154
Bethel community, 183-85
Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, 74-75
Bible (Old and New Testaments)
     apocalyptic visions of, 14
     communism of primitive Christianity and, 25-27
     early heresies and, 39-40
     Reformation appeal to, 95
     Taborites and, 87-88
     Wycliffe’s doctrine and, 64
Bishop’s Hill community, 185, 187-90
Black Death, 63, 67
Black Muslims, 282, 299
Blake, William, xvii, 222
Bloch, Ernst, 108
Bockelson, Jan (John of Leyden), 111-12, 115-18
Boehme, Jakob, 62, 122, 176, 184
Bohemia
     effects of revolution in, 84-92
     Hus crisis and, 72-76, 78-83
Bohemian National Church, 63, 83
Bohemianism, xvii, 254
Bolsheviks, ix, 23, 119, 165-69, 276
Bolshevik Revolution, xviii, 119, 150
Bonaventure, St., 45, 53-55
Bosch, Hieronymus, 87
Bourne, Randolph, 145
Brethren of the Common Life, 35, 61, 172
Brethren (Brotherhood) of the Free Spirit, 37, 87, 89-90, 134
     Christian mysticism and, 55-56, 59
     doctrines of, 51-52
“Brigand communism,” 87
Brook Farm, 216
     commune, 234-48
     Fourierism of, 247, 253

Cabet, Étienne, 153, 185, 271
     Icaria of, 259-66
Calvin, John, 93, 95, 109
Campanella, Tommaso, 91
Capitalism
     bohemianism and, xvii
     Calvin and Luther and, 95
     concentration of capital and dehumanization under, xii
     in 19th century, 224, 241-42
Carmathians, 159-62
Cathari heresy, 36-38, 157, 171
Catherine the Great, 129, 273
Catholics (Roman Catholic Church), 31, 61, 121, 197
     radicals persecuted by, 172
     reactionary character of, 205-6
     Reformation and, 97
     St. Nazianz colony and, 206-8
Chelsicky, Peter, 90
China: ancient civilization, 7-9
     Cultural Revolution, xi
Christian Church (Christianity)
     Brethren of the Free Spirit and, 51-52
     communism of Orthodox, 28-31
     communism of primitive, 25-28
     English Civil War and, 37-38
     feudalism breakdown and, 72-73
     during 14th century, 62-63
     as “guilt culture,” 132
     Hussite Wars and, 73-83
     Medieval heresies and, 36-37
     mysticism and, 53-56
     organized monasticism of, 28, 30-38
     Spiritual Franciscans’ rejection of Christ and, 48-50
Chuang Tsu, 140
Church, as “party,” 22
Class structure
     in hunting-and-gathering society, 2-3
     systematic agriculture and, 4-7
Clement VII, Pope, 73
Clementine, 28
Communalism
     during 1840s, 241
     Marxist criticism of, 295
     modern, 298-305
     See also Communist religious sects
Communia colony, 269, 294
Communism
     becoming ideology, 289
     defined, prior to 1918, ix
     of Münster commune, 111-20
     of Taborites, 86-92
     of Warren, 239
     of Wycliffe, 67
Communist religious sects, 300
     Amana, 191-96
     Bethel and Aurora, 183-85
     Carmathians, 160
     Diggers, 136-38
     Dutch Anabaptists, 122-123
     Essenes, 12-16, 18-23
     Harmonists, 179-80
     Hussite Wars and, 63
     Hutterites, 124, 128, 280, 285-86
     Mazdaism, 156
     monastic orders and, 8-10
     of Monteforte community, 38-39
     at Münster, 111-20
     Oneida, 209-16
     primitive Christianity and, 25-28
     Rakovians, 130-31
     Rappites, 178, 180-82
     during Reformation, 97-98
     Shakers, 196-205
     Swiss Brethren, 109
     Therapeutae, 16-18
     Waldenses, 40
Communist secular communities
     Cabet’s Icaria, 262-68
     Nashoba, 230-33
     New Harmony, 217, 223-29
Constantine, 29-30, 97
Council of Constance
     Hus burned by, 63, 76-77
     reaction to Hus’s execution, 78-80, 82
Counter-Reformation, 171
Cromwell, Oliver, 41, 134-36, 146-147, 150
Crusades, 162
Czech Brethren (Unitas Fratrum), 83, 90

Dana, Charles A., 244, 253
D’Arusmont (educator), 226, 230, 233
Dead Sea scrolls, 11-13
De Labadie, Jean, 173-75
Denk, Hans, 122
Descartes, René, 173-74
Devotionalists sect, 185-90
Diggers, 151
community of, 136-38
pacificism of, 145
Dionysius the Areopagite, 53
Djilas, Milovan, xi
Dominic, St., 35
Doukhobors sect, 168, 280
Dousentschuer, Jan, 116
Druids, 9
Dunkard sect, 177
Duns Scotus, 54

Ebenezer community, 193
Ebionites sect, 27-28
Eckhart, Meister, 51, 53-54, 98, 124, 134, 140, 172, 176
     doctrine of, 57-60
Ecology, libertarian tradition and, xiii-xiv
Egranus, John, 99-100
Egyptian civilization, 8-9, 11
     Therapeutae of, 16-18
Ehrenpreis, Andreas, 283
Elias of Cortona, 47
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 244, 248, 253
Engels, Frederick, xiv-xv, 1, 108, 237, 241, 294-95
England
     Diggers in, 136-38
     Owen and, 217-23
     Peasants’ Rebellion of 1381 in, 64, 66-71
     St. Gilbert founds order in, 35
     War of the Roses in, 62-63, 66
     Wycliffe in, 63-64
English Civil War
     Church heresy during, 37-38
     Cromwell and, 135
     religious sects during, 134-35
Ephratans sect, 177-78
Erigena, John Scotus, 53
“Eschatological ethic,” 181
Essenes, 11-23, 161
     democratic structure of, 13-14
     primitive Christianity and, 27-28
     religion of, 15-20
     Roman destruction of, 20-23
Eusebius of Caesarea 15, 27, 99
Evans, Frederick W., 204, 295

Fairfax, Thomas, 136-137
Feudalism
     Bohemia revolution and, 86, 92
     breakdown of, 71-73
     English Peasant Rebellion and, 69
     Reformation and, 93-94, 104
Fifth Monarchy movement, 135-36
Fourier, François Marie Charles, 153, 185
     utopian theory of, 249-52
Fourierism (Fourierist phalansteries), 224, 239
     Brook Farm and, 247, 253
     colonies of, 253-58
     Fourier theory of, 250-52
Fox, George, 136
Francis, St., 35-36, 52
     doctrine of, 44-47
Franciscans, 35
     Church supports establishment of, 45-47
     Munzer and, 99-100
     Spirituals (Zealots), 47-50
Franck, Sebastian, 112, 122
French Revolution, xviii, 150, 211
Fuller, Margaret, 246-47, 253

Garrison, William Lloyd, 214
George, Henry, 146
German Baptist Brethren, 173, 177
Gersen, Ottilie von, 101
Gerson, Jean, 74, 76
Gilbert of Sempringham, St., 35, 208
Gnosticism, 52
     heresy of, 36-38
     Islamic heresy and, 157
God
     Calvinism’s conception of, 95
     Eckhart’s conception of, 57-59
     mystical conception of, 53-54
     Noyes’s conception of, 215
     Winstanley’s conception of, 140
Godwin, William, xvii
Goldman, Emma, xvi
Greeley, Horace, 252
Gregory of Nazianzus, St., 206
Gregory XII, Pope, 74-75
Gresbeck, Henry, 118

Harmonists, 223
     community, 178-80
Harrington, James, 91
Haskell, Burnette G., 292
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 244, 246-48
Heinemann, Barbara, 192, 194
Henry VIII, 65-66, 78
Heresies
     authority of Bible and, 39-40
     of Brethren of the Free Spirit, 51-52
     Islamic, 157
     during Middle Ages, 36-37
Hildegard of Bingen, St., 54
Hippolitus, 27
Hoffman, Melchior, 110, 112
Holy Jumpers, 197
Hübmaier, Balthasar, 103, 124
Hunting-and-gathering society, 1-3
Hus, John, 63
     effect of execution of, 78-80
     radicalism of, 75-77
Hussite Wars, 63, 80-83
Hut, Hans, 110, 283
Hutter, Jacob, 124, 126,280,283
Hutterites, 83, 130-31, 133, 151, 169, 191, 296
     in North America, 276-87
     Russian settlement of, 129, 273-76
     as “shame culture,” 132
     wealth and stability of, 127-29, 281-87

Ibn-Arabi, 59, 161
Icaria community, 297
     settlement, 261-67
Ihknaton, 11
Inca Peruvian civilization, 7, 9
Independents sect, 144, 173
Inquisition
     banned from England, 66
     kept out of Bohemia, 74
     women persecuted by, 55-56
Intentional religious communities. See Communist religious sects
Iroquois, 6-7, 203
Islamic civilization
     Crusades and, 162
     piratical communism and, 157-58
     Shia and, 158-59

James II, 97
Janson, Eric, 185-87
Jeanne d’Arc, 78
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 282, 299
Jesuits, 165, 171, 208
     in Paraguay, 208, 290-91
Jews
     Essenes and, 11, 13, 15-16
     as “guilt culture,” 132
Joachim of Fiore, 48-49, 124
John of Battenberg, 123
John of Gaunt, 68
John the Baptist, 12
John XXII, Pope, 48, 50, 60
John XXIII, Pope, 36
John XXIII, antipope (Baldassare Cossa), 74, 76-77
Josephus, Flavius, 11-13, 99
     on Essenes, 18-19

Kautsky, Karl, 108
Keil, “Doctor,” 183-85
Kelpius, Johannus, 175-77
Kempis, Thomas à, 61, 172
Khlisti sect, 168
Knights Templar, 162-63, 165
Knipperdolling, Bernard, 112, 116, 118
Kraussert, M., 192
Krechting, Bernard, 118
Kronstadt revolt (1921), x
Kropotkin, Peter, xiii

Langenstiel, Leonard, 127
Lascaux cave paintings, 2
Lee Standerin, Ann, 197-99
Lenin, V.I., Left Marxists and, x
Levellers, 134
     Winstanley and, 143-44
Libertarian communism, ix-x
Lilburne, John, 134
Lollards, 64, 66
Lucius III, Pope, 40
Luther, Martin, 31, 61, 83, 93, 97, 109, 150
     free enterprise and, 95
     Munzer and, 100-3, 107
     Peasants’ Revolt and, 104-5
     salvation for, 94

McClure, William, 226, 231
Mandean sect, 168
Manichaean heresy, 36-37, 157
Manning, Robert, 196
Margaret of Parete, 56
Martin V, Pope, 82
Marx, Karl, xv-xvi, 1, 128, 146, 152, 154, 221, 237-38, 241, 269, 286, 293-95, 299
Matthaei, Conrad, 176
Mattys, Jan, 111-13, 115
Mayan civilization, 5, 9
Mazdaian sect, 156-57
Mecca, Carmathian attack on, 160
Mechthild of Magdeburg, St., 54-55
Meecham, Joseph, 198-199
“Megalithic religion,” 5
Mennonites, 28, 41, 62, 109, 169, 274, 285
     in America, 173
     Menno Simons and, 122-23
Melchiorite sect, 110
Metz, Christian, 192-94
Middle East. See Near East
Millenarianism
     Anabaptists and, 98, 122
     following Münzer, 109-110
     and Gnosticism, 37
     Münster commune and, 96, 105, 111-19
     at 1000 AD, 36
     Shakers and, 196-205
     of Taborites, 88
Miller, Henry, 87
Milton, John, 41
Modern Times community, 239-40
Mohammed, 157
Molokani sect, 168
Monasticism, 8-9
     Counter-Reformation and, 171
     of Ephratans, 177-78
     of Orthodox Christian Church, 28, 30-36
Monasteries
     Benedictine, 34
     St. Pachomius establishes first, 29
     work ethic of, 32-33
Mongols, 161, 164
Monks, 28-33
Monteforte community, 38-39
Moravia: Anabaptists in, 124-25, 127. See also Bohemia
Moravian Brethren (United Brethren), 83, 151, 173
More, St. Thomas, 78, 91, 260
Morgan, Lewis Henry, 1
Mormons, 52, 225, 262, 267, 285, 297
Morris, William, 67, 151
Muir, John, 3
Miller, Bernard, 182
Münster (Germany), 96, 226
     communism at, 111-20
Münzer, Thomas, 96, 118
     capture of, 105-7
     four surviving conceptions of, 107-8
     Peasants’ Revolt and, 101, 103-5
     radicalism of, 98-103
     spread of teachings of, 110-11
Mysticism
     of Brethren of the Free Spirit, 51
     Church mystical theology and, 53-54
     of Eckhart, 57-60
     of Noyes, 213
     Russian peasants and, 167
     of Shiites, 158-59
     women and, 54-56
     of Woman in the Wilderness, 176

Nashoba community, 230-33
Nazarenes sect, 27
Near East, 155-64
     Carmathians, 159-62
     communal life in, 155-56
     Mazdaism in, 156-57
     Shiites, 158-59
Negroes (Negro slaves), 160, 203
     at Nashoba community, 230-32
Neolithic village
     communalism of, 1-8
     of European steppe, 165-66
     of Near East, 155
Nestorian Church, 31
New Harmony community, 178, 180, 217, 236, 238
     Owen and, 223-30
New Icaria community, 270-71
New Lanark, 152, 228
     business governing, 218-23
Nicholas of Cusa, 61, 172
Nojashing community, 208
North American Phalanx community, 255-56
Noyes, John Humphrey, 230, 258, 282, 295
     Oneida and, 209, 211-16

Observant sect, 48
Oecolampadius, John, 103
Olivi, Peter John, 49
Olson, Jonas, 185-86
Oneida Community, 295
     Noyes and, 209-16
Order of Preachers (Dominicans), 35
Oreb commune, 85, 87
Oschwald, Ambrosius, 206
Ottoman Empire, 63
Owen, Albert K., 291
Owen, David Dale, 229
Owen, Robert, 151, 153, 182, 236, 282
     Cabet and, 260-61
     New Harmony community and, 177, 180, 223-29
     New Lanark and, 217-23, 228
Owen Robert Dale, 227, 229, 231, 233, 238
Owenite communities, 223, 225, 230. See also New Harmony; New Lanark

Pachomius, St., 29, 31-32
Pacificism, 169
     of Dutch Anabaptists, 121
     of Hussites, 277-78
     of Swiss Brethren, 109
     of Taborites, 90
     of Winstanley and Diggers, 145
Paraguay, Jesuits in, 208, 290-91
Paris Commune, xviii, 268-69
Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 175
Paul, St., 51
     communism rejected by, 27
Paul I, Emperor, 274
Peasants
     English rebellion of, 1381, 64, 66-71
     German revolt of, 96, 101, 103-7, 114
     Reformation and, 94
     of Ukraine, 166-67
Peasants’ Rebellion of 1381 (England), 64, 66-71
Peasants’ Revolt (Germany), 96, 107, 114
     Luther and, 104-5
     Munzer and, 101, 103-5
Penn, William, 97, 136, 152, 173, 178
Pennsylvania colony, 173
     Ephratans in, 177-78
     Rappites in, 180-82
     Woman in the Wilderness in, 175-76
People’s Will, the (Narodnya Volya), 167
Perfectionists sect, Oneida and, 209-16
Peterson, Johann Wilhelm, 192
Petegorsky, David, 151
Pfeiffer, Henry, 103, 105-7, 118
Philip, Landgraf of Hesse, 106-07, 115, 127
Philo Judaeus, 11-12, 28, 55, 161
     on Essenes, 15-16
     Therapeutae and, 16-18
Pikarti sect (Picards), 85, 89
Piratical communism: gang loyalty among, 162, 164-65
     Islam and, 157-58
Place, Francis, 152
Plato, 10, 54, 91, 160
Platt, John, 137
Pliny, 11-12
     on Essenes, 19-20
Plotinus, 140
Plutarch, 266
Poor Men of Lyons (Waldenses), 40-41
Popes. See listings under proper name
Prague, 74, 100
     papal siege of, 80
Prague, University of, 72, 75
Pratt, Minor, 244
Presbyterians, 144
Primitive communism
     among hunting-and-gathering people, 1-3
     neolithic revolution and, 7-8
Private property. See Wealth
Procopius the Great, 82-83
Protestants, 121
     radicals persecuted by, 172
     See also specific listings
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 185, 226, 238, 269, 294
Pueblo Indians, 8
Puritans, 173
Pythagoras, 9, 10

Quakers (Quakerism), 59, 62, 134, 173, 215, 279, 282
     Bellers and, 152-54
     industrialists among, 218
     rise of, 135-36
Qumran, 11-16, 20-23

Rapp, George, 179, 181-82, 194
Rappites, 224, 229-230
     community of, 178, 180-82
Rakovians, 130-32
Ranters sect, 134
Reclus, Élisée, xiii
Reformation, 37, 150
     Catholicism subverted, 97
     changes due to, 93-94
     destruction of radical, 132
     feudalism and, 93-94, 104
     Waldenses and, 41
     Wycliffe and, 63, 66
Religion
     ancient monastic orders and, 8-10
     cave paintings and, 2
     growth of towns and, 6
     late Medieval spiritualism and, 62
     of Reformation radical sectarians, 87-98
     of Shakers and female Jesus incarnation, 197, 199
Renan, Ernest, 12, 23
Ricardo, David, xvi, 221
Richardson, James, 230, 232-33
Riedemann, Peter, 127, 283
Ripley, George, 243, 245-47, 253
Rol, Henry, 112
Rollers sect, 197
Roman Catholics. See Catholics
Roman Empire
     monasteries and decline of, 33
     persecutions in, 280
Rosemunde Juliane of Asseberg, 191-92
Rosicrucian Brotherhood, 174-175
Rothmann, Bernt, 111-112, 114-15
Russia
     artists of, 170
     communist religious sects in, 165-70
     Eastern-bloc nations and, x-xi
     Hutterite settlement in, 273-75
Ruysbroeck, Jan van, 58, 61, 172

St. Nazianz colony, 206-8
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de, 153
Saints. See listings under proper name
Sauer, Christopher, 178
Say, Thomas, 226
Schweitzer, Albert, 181
Schwenkfeld, Caspar, 122
Seekers sect, 135, 139
Serfdom. See Feudalism
Service Committee, American Friends, 153
Sexual practices
     of Brethren of the Free Spirit, 51-52
     at Brook Farm, 246
     Church accusations and, 52
     of Dutch Anabaptists, 123-24
     English Civil War Church heresy and, 38
     Hutterites and, 128
     Mazdaism and, 156
     at Oneida, 212-13
     by Orleans heretical group, 39
     polygamy at Münster, 115
     of Ranters, 124
     of Sisters of Schweydnitz, 55
     of Taborites, 89
     Wright and, 231
Shakers, 195, 212-13, 286
     community of, 196-205
Shaw, George Bernard, 78, 213
Shia (Shiites), 168
     Islamic heresy and, 158-59
“Siege communism,” 118
Sigismund, King of Hungary, 72-74, 78-79, 83
Silesius, Angelus, 172
Simons, Menno, 122-23
Sisters of Schweydnitz, 55
Skoptsi sect, 168
Sluyter, Peter, 174
Slash-and-burn culture, 5
Socialism, defined, ix
Socialist Revolutionaries (Russia), 167
Society of Friends. See Quakers
Socinus, Faustus, 131
Spanish Civil War, x, xviii, 150
Speranza colony, 270
Spiritual Franciscanism (Zealots), 47-50
Stalin, Josef, 169, 269, 273
Standerin, Abraham, 197-98
State
     Amana and noncooperation with, 192
     communism and abolition of, ix
     Near East life and, 155-56
     plunder communism and, 162
     power and attack upon, xii
     primitive society and, 5
     Reformation and Church relation to, 95-97
Steiger, Matthias, 208
Stonehenge, 5
Storch, Nicholas, 99-100, 105
Strutt, Jebediah, 218
Sufis, 51, 161
Sunnite sect, 158-60
Suso, Henry, 51, 61, 98-99, 172
Swiss Brethren, 109

Tabor commune, 76, 80, 83
     communism at, 86-92
Taborites, 37, 39, 151
     Hussite Wars and, 80-83
Tauler, Johann, 51, 61, 98-99
Teutonic Knights, 163-164
Therapeutae sect, 16-18, 28, 161
Topolobampo colony, 291-92
Toynbee, Arnold, 28
Transcendentalists, 253
     Brook Farm and, 242-44
Trappist monks, 201
Troost, Gerard, 226
Tucker, Benjamin R., 240
Tyler, Wat, 67, 69

Ukraine, peasant communities of, 166-68
Unitarianism, 131, 244
United States, 172-73
     Amana community in, 191-96
     communist communities in, xi, 173-90
     during 1840s, 242
     Fourierism in, 253-58
     Hutterites in, 276-78
     Oneida community in, 209-16
     St. Nazianz colony in, 206-8
     Shakers in, 196-205
Universalism, 244
Urban VI, Pope, 73
Utopian thought
     Cabet and, 261
     Engels and, xv
     Fourier’s theory of, 249-52
     of Taborites, 91
     of Winstanley, 147-50
Utraquists (Calixtines), 81-84

Varangian colonies, 163-64
Vaudon (Haitian voodoo), 203
Vegetarianism, 38, 156, 169
Von Waldek, Franz, 114

Waldenses (Poor Men of Lyons), 40-41
     in Bohemia, 74
     Taborites and, 87
Waldo, Peter, 40, 45
Waldpot, Peter, 127, 131
Walsingham, Thomas, 69
Warren, Josiah, 151, 226, 230
     doctrine of, 235-40
Wealth
     Articles of Prague and, 80
     Hutterites and, 128
     Spiritual Franciscans’ attack on Church and, 50
     Winstanley and, 145
     Wycliffe and, 65-66
Weigel, Valentin, 122
Weitling, Wilhelm, 185, 269, 293-94
Wenceslaus IV, King of Holy Roman Empire, 72-76, 79
Whitman, Walt, 242
Wiedeman, Jacob, 124, 283
William of Orange, 70, 123
Winstanley, Gerrard, 136-37
     radicalism of, 138-43
     utopian vision of, 147-50
Wipf, Jacob, 277
Witches, 165
Wolff, Christopher, 185
Woman in the Wilderness sect, 175-77
Women
     among Carmathians, 161
     Christian mysticism and, 54-56
     communalism and, 296-97
     Hutterite, 284-85
     at Oneida, 214
     Shakers and female Jesus incarnation, 197, 199
Wright, Frances, 226, 230, 238
     Nashoba community and, 230-33
Wright, Lucy, 198-99
Wycliffe, John, 74-75, 87
     doctrine of, 63-66

Yaeger, Philip, 124

Zandigs sect, 157
Zanj insurrection, 160
Zealots (Spiritual Franciscanism), 47-50
Zimmermann, Johann Jakob, 175-76
Zizka, Jan, 89-90
Hussite Wars and, 79-82, 84-85
Zoroastrianism, 155-57
Zuni Indians, 8
Zwingli, Huldreich, 93, 96, 109

REXROTH ARCHIVE